With the new entry displayed in the Entry pane, do these steps:
-
Select (
) the Is Abstract Form check box to indicate that the lexeme is an abstract form.
These two examples are intended to help you learn how to enter reduplication- related content in FLEx. Of course, real language data is often more complex. Screen shots of these examples help you see the steps and the inflected forms interlinearized.
From Bahasa Indonesia data, the word pel is a noun meaning mop. The plural form, mops, is pel-pel. The entire stem is reduplicated, so this is full reduplication. It is not clear if the reduplication morpheme is a prefix or suffix. For this example, let’s assume that additional unstated information helped determine that the reduplication is a suffix.
To create the lexical entry, you first use the New Entry dialog box and then do additional steps in the Entry pane.
Open the New Entry dialog box.
You have two choices regarding what to enter as the Lexeme Form. The first choice, a), is for cases where reduplication only occurs with one function. The second choice, b), is for cases where there are multiple reduplicative morphemes (for example, one that pluralizes a noun plus another one that intensifies an adverb).
For this example, we need to do choice a).
In the Lexeme Form box, enter --[…].
That is, enter two hyphens, left square bracket, three periods and a right square bracket. The first hyphen indicates a suffix. The second hyphen in this example is an instance of “constant segmental material,” part of the orthography itself. The position of the second hyphen indicates that constant segmental material precedes the reduplicated material. As shown in the entry example screen shot, the Lexeme Form field will only display the second hyphen, while both are displayed when shown as the headword in the preview pane.
In the Lexeme Form box, enter the word Reduplication (or similar) with no hyphens.
Continue by doing these steps in the New Entry dialog box:
In the Morpheme Type box, select suffix, if it is not already selected.
In the Gloss box, enter Plural.
In the Affix Type box, select Inflectional.
In the Attaches to Category box, select Noun.
Click Create.
With the new entry displayed in the Entry pane, do these steps:
Select () the Is Abstract Form check box to indicate that the lexeme is an abstract form.
The Is Abstract Form field you need is just below the Lexeme Form field. If you do not see it, select Show Hidden Fields.
Optionally, you can enter content in the Citation Form field. It will be appear as the headword (if configured that way). For this example, we will enter -RDP for full reduplication.
Click Insert Allomorph and enter -[…] as an allomorph.
Insert an affix slot for a noun as follows:
Enter a slot name that indicates that the slot affects singular and plural.
For this example, the slot name is Number.
Select the Optional check box.
Insert an affix template table for slots used with nouns, and then edit the table as follows:
Enter an appropriate template table name and description.
For this example, the table name is Noun, and described with Nouns use reduplication for number.
Use Insert Slot After STEM to insert the slot (Number) into the table.
The parentheses indicate that the slot is optional.
Right-click the slot (Number) in the table column heading and select Add inflectional affix(es) to Number. Select (
) –RDP Plural in the dialog box, and then click OK.
Create the lexical entry for the lexeme form pel, with the morpheme type stem, the gloss mop, the grammatical category information noun.
The reduplication information and lexical entries are now available for interlinearizing and the parsers.
From Tagalog data, the word bili is a verb which means to buy; bibili is the future tense, will buy. Part of the stem is reduplicated, appearing as the prefix bi. Therefore, this is partial reduplication.
Determine if the reduplication morpheme is derivational or inflectional.
For this example, the reduplication is inflectional, affecting tense. You will need this determination in subsequent steps.
Determine the reduplication pattern.
For this example, bi is reduplicated, so the pattern is CV. You will need to know this pattern for subsequent steps.
Insert a natural class of phonemes in the reduplication pattern.
For this example, we need one for the consonants (abbreviation of C) with at least the phoneme b, and another for vowels (abbreviation V) with at least the phoneme i.
Insert an Environment named CV reduplication with the syntax that matches the reduplication pattern, and with special markings.
For this example, the proper syntax is /_[C^1][V^1].
CV is the reduplication pattern; the ^1 are indices that indicate matching items between this environment and the allomorph or lexeme form; the syntax order indicates that the reduplication pattern comes before the stem.
Note: For a reduplication pattern of CVC, then [C^1][V^1][C^2] may be the correct pattern.
Create a lexical entry for the reduplication morpheme, entering the following in the New Entry dialog box:
In the Lexeme Form box, enter [C^1][V^1], to match the reduplication pattern and the environment syntax.
In the Morpheme Type box, select prefix.
In the Affix Type box, select inflectional.
In the Gloss box, enter Future (or use the Inflectional Affix Gloss Builder).
In the Attaches to Category box, select Verb.
Click Create.
If desired, you can enter content in the Citation Form field, which is then used as the dictionary headword instead of the content from the Lexeme Form field. For this example, we will enter CV for partial reduplication (instead of the headword [C^1][V^1]).
In the Entry pane for new entry, choose the environment /_[C^1][V^1] in the Environments field.
Insert an affix slot for a verb, as follows:
Enter a slot name that indicates that the slot affects tense.
For this example, the slot name is Tense.
Select () the Optional check box.
Insert an affix template table for slots used with verbs, and then edit the template table as follows:
Enter an appropriate template table name and description.
For this example, the table name is Verb, and described with Verbs use reduplication for tense. (You will likely use a better name and a more complete description.)
Use Insert Slot Before STEM to choose the slot (Tense).
The parentheses indicate that the slot is optional.
Use Add inflectional morpheme to Tense to choose the reduplication morpheme CV- Future.
Create the lexical entry for the lexeme form bili, with the morpheme type stem, the gloss buy, the grammatical category information verb.
The reduplication information and lexical entries are now available for interlinearizing and the parsers.
TipFor more information, point to Resources on the Help menu, and then click Introduction to Parsing. Reduplication is discussed under Morphophonemics and under Reduplication as a process.